Responsiveness to drug cues and natural rewards in opiate addiction: associations with later heroin use.
Identifieur interne : 003497 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 003496; suivant : 003498Responsiveness to drug cues and natural rewards in opiate addiction: associations with later heroin use.
Auteurs : Dan I. Lubman [Australie] ; Murat Yücel ; Jonathan W L. Kettle ; Antonietta Scaffidi ; Trudi Mackenzie ; Julian G. Simmons ; Nicholas B. AllenSource :
- Archives of general psychiatry [ 1538-3636 ] ; 2009.
Descripteurs français
- KwdFr :
- Adulte (MeSH), Adulte d'âge moyen (MeSH), Alcoolisme (physiopathologie), Alcoolisme (psychologie), Alcoolisme (rééducation et réadaptation), Attention (physiologie), Comorbidité (MeSH), Cortex cérébral (effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques), Cortex cérébral (physiopathologie), Dépendance à l'héroïne (physiopathologie), Dépendance à l'héroïne (psychologie), Dépendance à l'héroïne (rééducation et réadaptation), Facteurs de risque (MeSH), Femelle (MeSH), Humains (MeSH), Jeune adulte (MeSH), Motivation (MeSH), Mâle (MeSH), Potentiels évoqués cognitifs P300 (effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques), Potentiels évoqués cognitifs P300 (physiologie), Récidive (MeSH), Récompense (MeSH), Réflexe de sursaut (effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques), Réflexe de sursaut (physiologie), Signaux (MeSH), Stupéfiants (usage thérapeutique), Symptômes affectifs (physiopathologie), Symptômes affectifs (psychologie), Symptômes affectifs (rééducation et réadaptation), Électromyographie (MeSH), Émotions (effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques), Émotions (physiologie), Études de suivi (MeSH), Éveil (effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques), Éveil (physiologie).
- MESH :
- effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques : Cortex cérébral, Potentiels évoqués cognitifs P300, Réflexe de sursaut, Émotions, Éveil.
- physiologie : Attention, Potentiels évoqués cognitifs P300, Réflexe de sursaut, Émotions, Éveil.
- physiopathologie : Alcoolisme, Cortex cérébral, Dépendance à l'héroïne, Symptômes affectifs.
- psychologie : Alcoolisme, Dépendance à l'héroïne, Symptômes affectifs.
- rééducation et réadaptation : Alcoolisme, Dépendance à l'héroïne, Symptômes affectifs.
- usage thérapeutique : Stupéfiants.
- Adulte, Adulte d'âge moyen, Comorbidité, Facteurs de risque, Femelle, Humains, Jeune adulte, Motivation, Mâle, Récidive, Récompense, Signaux, Électromyographie, Études de suivi.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Adult (MeSH), Affective Symptoms (physiopathology), Affective Symptoms (psychology), Affective Symptoms (rehabilitation), Alcoholism (physiopathology), Alcoholism (psychology), Alcoholism (rehabilitation), Arousal (drug effects), Arousal (physiology), Attention (physiology), Cerebral Cortex (drug effects), Cerebral Cortex (physiopathology), Comorbidity (MeSH), Cues (MeSH), Electromyography (MeSH), Emotions (drug effects), Emotions (physiology), Event-Related Potentials, P300 (drug effects), Event-Related Potentials, P300 (physiology), Female (MeSH), Follow-Up Studies (MeSH), Heroin Dependence (physiopathology), Heroin Dependence (psychology), Heroin Dependence (rehabilitation), Humans (MeSH), Male (MeSH), Middle Aged (MeSH), Motivation (MeSH), Narcotics (therapeutic use), Recurrence (MeSH), Reflex, Startle (drug effects), Reflex, Startle (physiology), Reward (MeSH), Risk Factors (MeSH), Young Adult (MeSH).
- MESH :
- chemical , therapeutic use : Narcotics.
- drug effects : Arousal, Cerebral Cortex, Emotions, Event-Related Potentials, P300, Reflex, Startle.
- physiology : Arousal, Attention, Emotions, Event-Related Potentials, P300, Reflex, Startle.
- physiopathology : Affective Symptoms, Alcoholism, Cerebral Cortex, Heroin Dependence.
- psychology : Affective Symptoms, Alcoholism, Heroin Dependence.
- rehabilitation : Affective Symptoms, Alcoholism, Heroin Dependence.
- Adult, Comorbidity, Cues, Electromyography, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Motivation, Recurrence, Reward, Risk Factors, Young Adult.
Abstract
CONTEXT
Although drug cues reliably activate the brain's reward system, studies rarely examine how the processing of drug stimuli compares with natural reinforcers or relates to clinical outcomes.
OBJECTIVES
To determine hedonic responses to natural and drug reinforcers in long-term heroin users and to examine the utility of these responses in predicting future heroin use.
DESIGN
Prospective design examining experiential, expressive, reflex modulation, and cortical/attentional responses to opiate-related and affective stimuli. The opiate-dependent group was reassessed a median of 6 months after testing to determine their level of heroin use during the intervening period.
SETTING
Community drug and alcohol services and a clinical research facility.
PARTICIPANTS
Thirty-three opiate-dependent individuals (mean age, 31.6 years) with stabilized opiate-substitution pharmacotherapy and 19 sex- and age-matched healthy non-drug users (mean age, 30 years).
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Self-ratings, facial electromyography, startle-elicited postauricular reflex, and event-related potentials combined with measures of heroin use at baseline and follow-up.
RESULTS
Relative to the control group, the opiate-dependent group rated pleasant pictures as less arousing and showed increased corrugator activity, less postauricular potentiation, and decreased startle-elicited P300 attenuation while viewing pleasant pictures. The opiate-dependent group rated the drug-related pictures as more pleasant and arousing, and demonstrated greater startle-elicited P300 attenuation while viewing them. Although a startle-elicited P300 amplitude response to pleasant (relative to drug-related) pictures significantly predicted regular (at least weekly) heroin use at follow-up, subjective valence ratings of pleasant pictures remained the superior predictor of use after controlling for baseline craving and heroin use.
CONCLUSIONS
Heroin users demonstrated reduced responsiveness to natural reinforcers across a range of psychophysiological measures. Subjective rating of pleasant pictures robustly predicted future heroin use. Our findings highlight the importance of targeting anhedonic symptoms within clinical treatment settings.
DOI: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2008.522
PubMed: 19188543
Affiliations:
Links toward previous steps (curation, corpus...)
Le document en format XML
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Kettle</name></author><author><name sortKey="Scaffidi, Antonietta" sort="Scaffidi, Antonietta" uniqKey="Scaffidi A" first="Antonietta" last="Scaffidi">Antonietta Scaffidi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mackenzie, Trudi" sort="Mackenzie, Trudi" uniqKey="Mackenzie T" first="Trudi" last="Mackenzie">Trudi Mackenzie</name></author><author><name sortKey="Simmons, Julian G" sort="Simmons, Julian G" uniqKey="Simmons J" first="Julian G" last="Simmons">Julian G. Simmons</name></author><author><name sortKey="Allen, Nicholas B" sort="Allen, Nicholas B" uniqKey="Allen N" first="Nicholas B" last="Allen">Nicholas B. 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Lubman</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>ORYGEN Research Centre, 35 Poplar Road, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia. dan.lubman@mh.org.au</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>ORYGEN Research Centre, 35 Poplar Road, Parkville, Victoria 3052</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Victoria 3052</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yucel, Murat" sort="Yucel, Murat" uniqKey="Yucel M" first="Murat" last="Yücel">Murat Yücel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kettle, Jonathan W L" sort="Kettle, Jonathan W L" uniqKey="Kettle J" first="Jonathan W L" last="Kettle">Jonathan W L. Kettle</name></author><author><name sortKey="Scaffidi, Antonietta" sort="Scaffidi, Antonietta" uniqKey="Scaffidi A" first="Antonietta" last="Scaffidi">Antonietta Scaffidi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mackenzie, Trudi" sort="Mackenzie, Trudi" uniqKey="Mackenzie T" first="Trudi" last="Mackenzie">Trudi Mackenzie</name></author><author><name sortKey="Simmons, Julian G" sort="Simmons, Julian G" uniqKey="Simmons J" first="Julian G" last="Simmons">Julian G. Simmons</name></author><author><name sortKey="Allen, Nicholas B" sort="Allen, Nicholas B" uniqKey="Allen N" first="Nicholas B" last="Allen">Nicholas B. Allen</name></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Archives of general psychiatry</title><idno type="eISSN">1538-3636</idno><imprint><date when="2009" type="published">2009</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Adult (MeSH)</term><term>Affective Symptoms (physiopathology)</term><term>Affective Symptoms (psychology)</term><term>Affective Symptoms (rehabilitation)</term><term>Alcoholism (physiopathology)</term><term>Alcoholism (psychology)</term><term>Alcoholism (rehabilitation)</term><term>Arousal (drug effects)</term><term>Arousal (physiology)</term><term>Attention (physiology)</term><term>Cerebral Cortex (drug effects)</term><term>Cerebral Cortex (physiopathology)</term><term>Comorbidity (MeSH)</term><term>Cues (MeSH)</term><term>Electromyography (MeSH)</term><term>Emotions (drug effects)</term><term>Emotions (physiology)</term><term>Event-Related Potentials, P300 (drug effects)</term><term>Event-Related Potentials, P300 (physiology)</term><term>Female (MeSH)</term><term>Follow-Up Studies (MeSH)</term><term>Heroin Dependence (physiopathology)</term><term>Heroin Dependence (psychology)</term><term>Heroin Dependence (rehabilitation)</term><term>Humans (MeSH)</term><term>Male (MeSH)</term><term>Middle Aged (MeSH)</term><term>Motivation (MeSH)</term><term>Narcotics (therapeutic use)</term><term>Recurrence (MeSH)</term><term>Reflex, Startle (drug effects)</term><term>Reflex, Startle (physiology)</term><term>Reward (MeSH)</term><term>Risk Factors (MeSH)</term><term>Young Adult (MeSH)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr"><term>Adulte (MeSH)</term><term>Adulte d'âge moyen (MeSH)</term><term>Alcoolisme (physiopathologie)</term><term>Alcoolisme (psychologie)</term><term>Alcoolisme (rééducation et réadaptation)</term><term>Attention (physiologie)</term><term>Comorbidité (MeSH)</term><term>Cortex cérébral (effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques)</term><term>Cortex cérébral (physiopathologie)</term><term>Dépendance à l'héroïne (physiopathologie)</term><term>Dépendance à l'héroïne (psychologie)</term><term>Dépendance à l'héroïne (rééducation et réadaptation)</term><term>Facteurs de risque (MeSH)</term><term>Femelle (MeSH)</term><term>Humains (MeSH)</term><term>Jeune adulte (MeSH)</term><term>Motivation (MeSH)</term><term>Mâle (MeSH)</term><term>Potentiels évoqués cognitifs P300 (effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques)</term><term>Potentiels évoqués cognitifs P300 (physiologie)</term><term>Récidive (MeSH)</term><term>Récompense (MeSH)</term><term>Réflexe de sursaut (effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques)</term><term>Réflexe de sursaut (physiologie)</term><term>Signaux (MeSH)</term><term>Stupéfiants (usage thérapeutique)</term><term>Symptômes affectifs (physiopathologie)</term><term>Symptômes affectifs (psychologie)</term><term>Symptômes affectifs (rééducation et réadaptation)</term><term>Électromyographie (MeSH)</term><term>Émotions (effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques)</term><term>Émotions (physiologie)</term><term>Études de suivi (MeSH)</term><term>Éveil (effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques)</term><term>Éveil (physiologie)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="therapeutic use" xml:lang="en"><term>Narcotics</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="drug effects" xml:lang="en"><term>Arousal</term><term>Cerebral Cortex</term><term>Emotions</term><term>Event-Related Potentials, P300</term><term>Reflex, Startle</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques" xml:lang="fr"><term>Cortex cérébral</term><term>Potentiels évoqués cognitifs P300</term><term>Réflexe de sursaut</term><term>Émotions</term><term>Éveil</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="physiologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Attention</term><term>Potentiels évoqués cognitifs P300</term><term>Réflexe de sursaut</term><term>Émotions</term><term>Éveil</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="physiology" xml:lang="en"><term>Arousal</term><term>Attention</term><term>Emotions</term><term>Event-Related Potentials, P300</term><term>Reflex, Startle</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="physiopathologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Alcoolisme</term><term>Cortex cérébral</term><term>Dépendance à l'héroïne</term><term>Symptômes affectifs</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="physiopathology" xml:lang="en"><term>Affective Symptoms</term><term>Alcoholism</term><term>Cerebral Cortex</term><term>Heroin Dependence</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="psychologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Alcoolisme</term><term>Dépendance à l'héroïne</term><term>Symptômes affectifs</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="psychology" xml:lang="en"><term>Affective Symptoms</term><term>Alcoholism</term><term>Heroin Dependence</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="rehabilitation" xml:lang="en"><term>Affective Symptoms</term><term>Alcoholism</term><term>Heroin Dependence</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="rééducation et réadaptation" xml:lang="fr"><term>Alcoolisme</term><term>Dépendance à l'héroïne</term><term>Symptômes affectifs</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="usage thérapeutique" xml:lang="fr"><term>Stupéfiants</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Adult</term><term>Comorbidity</term><term>Cues</term><term>Electromyography</term><term>Female</term><term>Follow-Up Studies</term><term>Humans</term><term>Male</term><term>Middle Aged</term><term>Motivation</term><term>Recurrence</term><term>Reward</term><term>Risk Factors</term><term>Young Adult</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="fr"><term>Adulte</term><term>Adulte d'âge moyen</term><term>Comorbidité</term><term>Facteurs de risque</term><term>Femelle</term><term>Humains</term><term>Jeune adulte</term><term>Motivation</term><term>Mâle</term><term>Récidive</term><term>Récompense</term><term>Signaux</term><term>Électromyographie</term><term>Études de suivi</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>CONTEXT</b></p><p>Although drug cues reliably activate the brain's reward system, studies rarely examine how the processing of drug stimuli compares with natural reinforcers or relates to clinical outcomes.</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>OBJECTIVES</b></p><p>To determine hedonic responses to natural and drug reinforcers in long-term heroin users and to examine the utility of these responses in predicting future heroin use.</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>DESIGN</b></p><p>Prospective design examining experiential, expressive, reflex modulation, and cortical/attentional responses to opiate-related and affective stimuli. The opiate-dependent group was reassessed a median of 6 months after testing to determine their level of heroin use during the intervening period.</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>SETTING</b></p><p>Community drug and alcohol services and a clinical research facility.</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>PARTICIPANTS</b></p><p>Thirty-three opiate-dependent individuals (mean age, 31.6 years) with stabilized opiate-substitution pharmacotherapy and 19 sex- and age-matched healthy non-drug users (mean age, 30 years).</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES</b></p><p>Self-ratings, facial electromyography, startle-elicited postauricular reflex, and event-related potentials combined with measures of heroin use at baseline and follow-up.</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>RESULTS</b></p><p>Relative to the control group, the opiate-dependent group rated pleasant pictures as less arousing and showed increased corrugator activity, less postauricular potentiation, and decreased startle-elicited P300 attenuation while viewing pleasant pictures. The opiate-dependent group rated the drug-related pictures as more pleasant and arousing, and demonstrated greater startle-elicited P300 attenuation while viewing them. Although a startle-elicited P300 amplitude response to pleasant (relative to drug-related) pictures significantly predicted regular (at least weekly) heroin use at follow-up, subjective valence ratings of pleasant pictures remained the superior predictor of use after controlling for baseline craving and heroin use.</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b></p><p>Heroin users demonstrated reduced responsiveness to natural reinforcers across a range of psychophysiological measures. Subjective rating of pleasant pictures robustly predicted future heroin use. Our findings highlight the importance of targeting anhedonic symptoms within clinical treatment settings.</p></div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">19188543</PMID><DateCompleted><Year>2009</Year><Month>03</Month><Day>02</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2014</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>20</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Print"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1538-3636</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>66</Volume><Issue>2</Issue><PubDate><Year>2009</Year><Month>Feb</Month></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>Archives of general psychiatry</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Arch Gen Psychiatry</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Responsiveness to drug cues and natural rewards in opiate addiction: associations with later heroin use.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>205-12</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2008.522</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText Label="CONTEXT" NlmCategory="BACKGROUND">Although drug cues reliably activate the brain's reward system, studies rarely examine how the processing of drug stimuli compares with natural reinforcers or relates to clinical outcomes.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="OBJECTIVES" NlmCategory="OBJECTIVE">To determine hedonic responses to natural and drug reinforcers in long-term heroin users and to examine the utility of these responses in predicting future heroin use.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="DESIGN" NlmCategory="METHODS">Prospective design examining experiential, expressive, reflex modulation, and cortical/attentional responses to opiate-related and affective stimuli. The opiate-dependent group was reassessed a median of 6 months after testing to determine their level of heroin use during the intervening period.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="SETTING" NlmCategory="METHODS">Community drug and alcohol services and a clinical research facility.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="PARTICIPANTS" NlmCategory="METHODS">Thirty-three opiate-dependent individuals (mean age, 31.6 years) with stabilized opiate-substitution pharmacotherapy and 19 sex- and age-matched healthy non-drug users (mean age, 30 years).</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES" NlmCategory="METHODS">Self-ratings, facial electromyography, startle-elicited postauricular reflex, and event-related potentials combined with measures of heroin use at baseline and follow-up.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="RESULTS" NlmCategory="RESULTS">Relative to the control group, the opiate-dependent group rated pleasant pictures as less arousing and showed increased corrugator activity, less postauricular potentiation, and decreased startle-elicited P300 attenuation while viewing pleasant pictures. The opiate-dependent group rated the drug-related pictures as more pleasant and arousing, and demonstrated greater startle-elicited P300 attenuation while viewing them. Although a startle-elicited P300 amplitude response to pleasant (relative to drug-related) pictures significantly predicted regular (at least weekly) heroin use at follow-up, subjective valence ratings of pleasant pictures remained the superior predictor of use after controlling for baseline craving and heroin use.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="CONCLUSIONS" NlmCategory="CONCLUSIONS">Heroin users demonstrated reduced responsiveness to natural reinforcers across a range of psychophysiological measures. Subjective rating of pleasant pictures robustly predicted future heroin use. Our findings highlight the importance of targeting anhedonic symptoms within clinical treatment settings.</AbstractText></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Lubman</LastName><ForeName>Dan I</ForeName><Initials>DI</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>ORYGEN Research Centre, 35 Poplar Road, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia. dan.lubman@mh.org.au</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Yücel</LastName><ForeName>Murat</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kettle</LastName><ForeName>Jonathan W L</ForeName><Initials>JW</Initials></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Scaffidi</LastName><ForeName>Antonietta</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Mackenzie</LastName><ForeName>Trudi</ForeName><Initials>T</Initials></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Simmons</LastName><ForeName>Julian G</ForeName><Initials>JG</Initials></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Allen</LastName><ForeName>Nicholas B</ForeName><Initials>NB</Initials></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D013485">Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>United States</Country><MedlineTA>Arch Gen Psychiatry</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>0372435</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>0003-990X</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><ChemicalList><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D009294">Narcotics</NameOfSubstance></Chemical></ChemicalList><CitationSubset>AIM</CitationSubset><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset><MeshHeadingList><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000328" MajorTopicYN="N">Adult</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000342" MajorTopicYN="N">Affective Symptoms</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000503" MajorTopicYN="N">physiopathology</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000523" MajorTopicYN="N">psychology</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000534" MajorTopicYN="N">rehabilitation</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000437" MajorTopicYN="N">Alcoholism</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000503" MajorTopicYN="N">physiopathology</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000523" MajorTopicYN="N">psychology</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000534" MajorTopicYN="N">rehabilitation</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D001143" MajorTopicYN="N">Arousal</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000187" MajorTopicYN="N">drug effects</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000502" MajorTopicYN="N">physiology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D001288" MajorTopicYN="Y">Attention</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000502" MajorTopicYN="N">physiology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D002540" MajorTopicYN="N">Cerebral Cortex</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000187" MajorTopicYN="N">drug effects</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000503" MajorTopicYN="N">physiopathology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D015897" MajorTopicYN="N">Comorbidity</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D003463" MajorTopicYN="Y">Cues</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D004576" MajorTopicYN="N">Electromyography</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D004644" MajorTopicYN="N">Emotions</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000187" MajorTopicYN="N">drug effects</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000502" MajorTopicYN="N">physiology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D018913" MajorTopicYN="N">Event-Related Potentials, P300</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000187" MajorTopicYN="N">drug effects</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000502" MajorTopicYN="N">physiology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D005260" MajorTopicYN="N">Female</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D005500" MajorTopicYN="N">Follow-Up Studies</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006556" MajorTopicYN="N">Heroin Dependence</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000503" MajorTopicYN="N">physiopathology</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000523" MajorTopicYN="Y">psychology</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000534" MajorTopicYN="N">rehabilitation</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006801" MajorTopicYN="N">Humans</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D008297" MajorTopicYN="N">Male</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D008875" MajorTopicYN="N">Middle Aged</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D009042" MajorTopicYN="Y">Motivation</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D009294" MajorTopicYN="N">Narcotics</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000627" MajorTopicYN="N">therapeutic use</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D012008" MajorTopicYN="N">Recurrence</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D013216" MajorTopicYN="N">Reflex, Startle</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000187" MajorTopicYN="N">drug effects</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000502" MajorTopicYN="N">physiology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D012201" MajorTopicYN="Y">Reward</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D012307" MajorTopicYN="N">Risk Factors</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D055815" MajorTopicYN="N">Young Adult</DescriptorName></MeshHeading></MeshHeadingList></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2009</Year><Month>2</Month><Day>4</Day><Hour>9</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2009</Year><Month>2</Month><Day>4</Day><Hour>9</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2009</Year><Month>3</Month><Day>3</Day><Hour>9</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>ppublish</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">19188543</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pii">66/2/205</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2008.522</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></PubmedData></pubmed><affiliations><list><country><li>Australie</li></country></list><tree><noCountry><name sortKey="Allen, Nicholas B" sort="Allen, Nicholas B" uniqKey="Allen N" first="Nicholas B" last="Allen">Nicholas B. Allen</name><name sortKey="Kettle, Jonathan W L" sort="Kettle, Jonathan W L" uniqKey="Kettle J" first="Jonathan W L" last="Kettle">Jonathan W L. Kettle</name><name sortKey="Mackenzie, Trudi" sort="Mackenzie, Trudi" uniqKey="Mackenzie T" first="Trudi" last="Mackenzie">Trudi Mackenzie</name><name sortKey="Scaffidi, Antonietta" sort="Scaffidi, Antonietta" uniqKey="Scaffidi A" first="Antonietta" last="Scaffidi">Antonietta Scaffidi</name><name sortKey="Simmons, Julian G" sort="Simmons, Julian G" uniqKey="Simmons J" first="Julian G" last="Simmons">Julian G. Simmons</name><name sortKey="Yucel, Murat" sort="Yucel, Murat" uniqKey="Yucel M" first="Murat" last="Yücel">Murat Yücel</name></noCountry><country name="Australie"><noRegion><name sortKey="Lubman, Dan I" sort="Lubman, Dan I" uniqKey="Lubman D" first="Dan I" last="Lubman">Dan I. Lubman</name></noRegion></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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